At the end of his short poem “The Nature of Electricity” quoted by Kinbote (Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) in his commentary to Shade's poem John Shade (the poet in VN's novel Pale Fire, 1962) mentions "the torments of a Tamerlane, the roar of tyrants torn in hell:"
The light never came back but it gleams again in a short poem "The Nature of Electricity", which John Shade had sent to the New York magazine The Beau and the Butterfly, some time in 1958, but which appeared only after his death:
The dead, the gentle dead - who knows? -
In tungsten filaments abide,
And on my bedside table glows
Another man's departed bride.
And maybe Shakespeare floods a whole
Town with innumerable lights,
And Shelley's incandescent soul
Lures the pale moths of starless nights.
Streetlamps are numbered; and maybe
Number nine-hundred-ninety-nine
(So brightly beaming through a tree
So green) is an old friend of mine.
And when above the livid plain
Forked lightning plays, therein may dwell
The torments of a Tamerlane,
The roar of tyrants torn in hell.
Science tells us, by the way, that the Earth would not merely fall apart, but vanish like a ghost, if Electricity were suddenly removed from the world. (note to Line 347)
In his mock epic in octaves Domik v Kolomne ("The Small Cottage in Kolomna," 1830) Pushkin compares the poet to Tamerlane or even to Napoleon himself:
Как весело стихи свои вести
Под цифрами, в порядке, строй за строем,
Не позволять им в сторону брести,
Как войску, в пух рассыпанному боем!
Тут каждый слог замечен и в чести,
Тут каждый стих глядит себе героем,
А стихотворец... с кем же равен он?
Он Тамерлан иль сам Наполеон. (V)
In his essay St. Helena (1912) Dmitri Merezhkovski quotes the words attributed to Napoleon: "Electricity, galvanism, magnetism - here is the nature's great secret:"
«Поверьте, мой милый, когда мы умерли, мы в самом деле умерли (quand nous sommes morts, nous sommes bien morts)… Да и что такое душа? У ребенка, у спящего, у помешанного — где она?.. Когда, бывало, на охоте передо мною свежевали оленя, я видел, что внутренности у него такие же, как у человека… Электричество, гальванизм, магнетизм — вот где великая тайна природы… Я склонен думать, что человеческий мозг, как насос, всасывает эти токи из воздуха и делает из них душу… Я знаю, что это противно религии, но таково мое убеждение: мы все только материя». (III)
In Chapter Two (XIV: 5) of Eugene Onegin Pushkin says My vse glyadim v Napoleony (We all expect to be Napoleons):
Но дружбы нет и той меж нами.
Все предрассудки истребя,
Мы почитаем всех нулями,
А единицами — себя.
Мы все глядим в Наполеоны;
Двуногих тварей миллионы
Для нас орудие одно;
Нам чувство дико и смешно.
Сноснее многих был Евгений;
Хоть он людей конечно знал
И вообще их презирал,—
Но (правил нет без исключений)
Иных он очень отличал
И вчуже чувство уважал.
But in our midst there’s even no such friendship:
Having destroyed all the prejudices,
We deem all people naughts
And ourselves units.
We all expect to be Napoleons;
the millions of two-legged creatures
for us are only tools;
feeling to us is weird and ludicrous.
More tolerant than many was Eugene,
though he, of course, knew men
and on the whole despised them;
but no rules are without exceptions:
some people he distinguished greatly
and, though estranged from it, respected feeling.
Dvunogikh tvarey milliony (the millions of two-legged creatures) in the stanza's next line bring to mind a million photographers mentioned by Kinbote at the end of his commentary:
"And you, what will you be doing with yourself, poor King, poor Kinbote?" a gentle young voice may inquire.
God will help me, I trust, to rid myself of any desire to follow the example of two other characters in this work. I shall continue to exist. I may assume other disguises, other forms, but I shall try to exist. I may turn up yet, on another campus, as an old, happy, healthy, heterosexual Russian, a writer in exile, sans fame, sans future, sans audience, sans anything but his art. I may join forces with Odon in a new motion picture: Escape from Zembla (ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square). I may pander to the simple tastes of theatrical critics and cook up a stage play, an old-fashioned Melodrama with three principals: a lunatic who intends to kill an imaginary king, another lunatic who imagines himself to be that king, and a distinguished old poet who stumbles by chance into the line of fire, and perishes in the clash between the two figments. Oh, I may do many things! History permitting, I may sail back to my recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain. I may huddle and groan in a madhouse. But whatever happens, wherever the scene is laid, somebody, somewhere, will quietly set out - somebody has already set out, somebody still rather far away is buying a ticket, is boarding a bus, a ship, a plane, has landed, is walking toward a million photographers, and presently he will ring at my door - a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus. (note to Line 1000)
In his commentary and index to Shade's poem Kinbote mentions the actor Odon and his half-brother Nodo:
Nodo, Odon's half-brother, b. 1916, son of Leopold O'Donnell and of a Zemblan boy impersonator; a cardsharp and despicable traitor, 171.
Odevalla, a fine town north of Onhava in E. Zembla, once the mayorship of the worthy Zule ("chessrook") Bretwit, granduncle of Oswin Bretwit (q. v., q. v., as the crows say), 149, 286.
Odon, pseudonym of Donald O'Donnell, b. 1915, world-famous actor and Zemblan patriot; learns from K. about secret passage but has to leave for theater, 130; drives K. from theater to foot of Mt. Mandevil, 149; meets K. near sea cave and escapes with him in motorboat, ibid.; directs cinema picture in Paris, 171; stays with Lavender in Lex, 408; ought not to marry that blubber-lipped cinemactress, with untidy hair, 691; see also O'Donnell, Sylvia.
O'Donnell, Sylvia, nee O'Connell, born 1895? 1890?, the much-traveled, much-married mother of Odon (q. v.), 149, 691; after marrying and divorcing college president Leopold O'Donnell in 1915, father of Odon, she married Peter Gusev, first Duke of Rahl, and graced Zembla till about 1925 when she married an Oriental prince met in Chamonix; after a number of other more or less glamorous marriages, she was in the act of divorcing Lionel Lavender, cousin of Joseph, when last seen in this Index. (Index)
Odon = Nodo = odno (neut. of odin, 'one'); cf. Dlya nas orudie odno (for us are only tools), line 7 of the above quoted stanza of Pushkin's EO.
Shade’s poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik ("The Double," 1846) is a short novel by Dostoevski. In his book Tolstoy and Dostoevski (1902) Merezhkovski (who was married to Zinaida Hippius) several times quotes his wife's poem Elektrichestvo ("Electricity," 1901):
Две нити вместе свиты,
Концы обнажены.
То "да" и "нет" не слиты,
Не слиты - сплетены.
Их тёмное сплетенье
И тесно и мертво;
Но ждёт их воскресенье,
И ждут они его:
Концы соприкоснутся,
Проснутся "да" и "нет".
И "да", и "нет" сольются,
И смерть их будет свет.
Two wires are wrapped together
The loose ends naked, exposed
A yes and no, not united,
Not united but juxtaposed.
A dark, dark juxtaposition-
So close together, dead.
But resurrection awaits them,
And they await what waits ahead
End will meet end in touching
Yes - no, left and right,
The yes and no awakening.
Inseparably uniting
And their death will be - Light.
In his essay Vostok ili zapad? ("East or West?", 1910), a review of Andrey Bely's novel Serebryanyi golub' (The Silver Dove," 1909), Merezhkovski calls the Russian Empire Tamerlan s telegrafami (a Tamerlane with telegraphs):
За два века петербургского периода преемники Петровы сделали все, что могли, чтобы опустошить, выхолостить реформу, вынуть из нее живую душу и оставить лишь мертвое тело — восточное самовластье с европейской техникой, «Тамерлана с телеграфами». Эта вогнанная внутрь болезнь, подземное тяготение петербургского Запада к «Дальнему Востоку» на наших глазах кончились великим разгромом — Порт-Артуром и Цусимою.
Herzen called tsar Nicholas I "Genghis Khan with a telegraph." Trotsky called Stalin "Genghis Khan with a telephone." The terrible name of the leader of the Shadows that cannot be mentioned, even in the Index to the obscure work of a scholar, seems to be Stalin:
Shadows, the, a regicidal organization which commissioned Gradus (q. v.) to assassinate the self-banished king; its leader's terrible name cannot be mentioned, even in the Index to the obscure work of a scholar; his maternal grandfather, a well-known and very courageous master builder, was hired by Thurgus the Turgid, around 1885, to make certain repairs in his quarters, and soon after that perished, poisoned in the royal kitchens, under mysterious circumstances, together with his three young apprentices whose first names Yan, Yonny, and Angeling, are preserved in a ballad still to be heard in some of our wilder valleys.
In his novel Peterburg (1913) Andrey Bely says that the biology of the shadows is not sufficiently studied yet. The forked lightnings in Shade's poem "The Nature of Electricity" bring to mind Merezhkovski's play Proshla groza ("The Thunderstorm Has Passed," 1893). In a letter of February 5, 1893, to Suvorin Chekhov says that in this play Merezhkovski pereshchegolyal (has surpassed) in hypocrisy Jean Shcheglov:
В янв<арской> книжке «Труда» напечатана пьеса Мережковского «Прошла гроза». Если не хватит времени и охоты прочесть всю пьесу, то вкусите один только конец, где Мережковский перещеголял даже Жана Щеглова. Литературное ханжество самое скверное ханжество.
The surname Shcheglov comes from shchegol (goldfinch) and brings to mind Sofia Lastochkin, the maiden name of Vsevolod Botkin's wife. After the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hope), Professor Botkin went mad and became the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus. There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on Oct. 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin’s Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc.”), will be full again. Nadezhda ("Hope," 1894) is a poem by Merezhkovski.
Shade's murderer, Gradus (whom Kinbote mockingly calls Vinogradus and Leningradus) brings to mind gryadushchiy Grad (the future City) mentioned by Merezhkovski in his essay "East or West?":
«В православии и в отсталых именно понятиях православного мужичка видел он (Дарьяльский) новый светоч в мир грядущего Града». Но немного спустя, тут же, в этих самых понятиях, увидит «смесь свинописи с иконописью» — русской «свинописи» с византийской «иконописью».
At the beginning of his essay Gryadushchiy Kham ("The Future Ham," 1906) Merezhkovski quotes Herzen's words in his 1864 article Kontsy i nachala ("The Ends and the Beginnings"):
«Мещанство победит и должно победить», — пишет Герцен в 1864 году в статье «Концы и начала». «Да, любезный друг, пора прийти к спокойному и смиренному сознанию, что мещанство — окончательная форма западной цивилизации».