One of the three main characters in VN's novel Pale Fire (1962), Jakob Gradus is a member of the Shadows (a regicidal organization). "Keep your face always toward the sunshine—and shadows will fall behind you" are the words often attributed to Walt Whitman (an American poet, 1819-1892).* This famous quote is widely shared by photographers to describe golden-hour portrait lighting. At the end of his commentary to Shade's poem Kinbote (Shade's mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions a million photographers:
"And you, what will you be doing with yourself, poor King, poor Kinbote?" a gentle young voice may inquire.
God will help me, I trust, to rid myself of any desire to follow the example of two other characters in this work. I shall continue to exist. I may assume other disguises, other forms, but I shall try to exist. I may turn up yet, on another campus, as an old, happy, healthy, heterosexual Russian, a writer in exile, sans fame, sans future, sans audience, sans anything but his art. I may join forces with Odon in a new motion picture: Escape from Zembla (ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square). I may pander to the simple tastes of theatrical critics and cook up a stage play, an old-fashioned Melodrama with three principals: a lunatic who intends to kill an imaginary king, another lunatic who imagines himself to be that king, and a distinguished old poet who stumbles by chance into the line of fire, and perishes in the clash between the two figments. Oh, I may do many things! History permitting, I may sail back to my recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain. I may huddle and groan in a madhouse. But whatever happens, wherever the scene is laid, somebody, somewhere, will quietly set out - somebody has already set out, somebody still rather far away is buying a ticket, is boarding a bus, a ship, a plane, has landed, is walking toward a million photographers, and presently he will ring at my door - a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus. (note to Line 1000)
Walt Whitman is the author of The Million Dead, Too, Summ'd Up, an essay published in his 1882 memoir Specimen Days, and of Song at Sunset. Shade is murdered by Gradus at sunset on July 21, 1959. In Dostoevski's novel Podrostok ("The Adolescent," 1875), Kraft (whose name brings to mind the American writer H. P. Lovecraft, 1890-1937, a master of horror stories) shoots himself dead at sunset (on the eve of his suicide Kraft asked Arkadiy Dolgoruki, the narrator and main character, what time of day he hates most and Arkadiy replied that he dislikes sunsets). In a letter of October 31, 1838 (Dostoevski’s seventeenth birthday), to his brother Dostoevski twice repeats the word gradus (degree):
Философию не надо полагать простой математической задачей, где неизвестное - природа... Заметь, что поэт в порыве вдохновенья разгадывает бога, следовательно, исполняет назначенье философии. Следовательно, поэтический восторг есть восторг философии... Следовательно, философия есть та же поэзия, только высший градус её!..
Philosophy should not be regarded as a mere equation where nature is the unknown quantity… Remark that the poet, in the moment of inspiration, comprehends God, and consequently does the philosopher’s work. Consequently poetic inspiration is nothing less than philosophical inspiration. Consequently philosophy is nothing but poetry, a higher degree of poetry!..
Друг мой! Ты философствуешь как поэт. И как не ровно выдерживает душа градус вдохновенья, так не ровна, не верна и твоя философия. Чтоб больше знать, надо меньше чувствовать, и обратно, правило опрометчивое, бред сердца.
My friend, you philosophize like a poet. And just because the soul cannot be forever in a state of exaltation [gradus vdokhnoven'ya, a phrase used by Dostoevski, means "a degree of inspiration"], your philosophy is not true and not just. To know more one must feel less, and vice versa. Your judgment is featherheaded – it is a delirium of the heart.
In a conversation with Kinbote Shade lists Dostoevski (the author of The Double, 1846) among Russian humorists:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
According to Dostoevski, philosophy should not be regarded as prostaya matematicheskaya zadacha (a mere mathematical problem). The last, eighth, question posed by a mad mathematician in Chekhov's humorous short story Zadachi sumasshedshego matematika ("Questions Posed by a Mad Mathematician," 1882) is "Kotoryi chas? (What is the time?):"
1) За мной гнались 30 собак, из которых 7 были белые, 8 серые, а остальные черные. Спрашивается, за какую ногу укусили меня собаки, за правую или левую?
2) Автолимед родился в 223 году, а умер после того, как прожил 84 года. Половину жизни провел он в путешествиях, треть жизни потратил на удовольствия. Сколько стоит фунт гвоздей, и был ли женат Автолимед?
3) Под Новый год из маскарада Большого театра было выведено 200 человек за драку. Если дравшихся было двести, то сколько было бранившихся, пьяных, слегка пьяных и желавших, но не находивших случая подраться?
4) Что получается по сложении сих чисел?
5) Куплено было 20 цибиков чая. В каждом цибике было по 5 пудов, каждый пуд имел 40 фунтов. Из лошадей, везших чай, две пали в дороге, один из возчиков заболел, и 18 фунтов рассыпалось. Фунт имеет 96 золотников чая. Спрашивается, какая разница между огуречным рассолом и недоумением?
6) Английский язык имеет 137 856 738 слов, французский в 0,7 раз больше. Англичане сошлись с французами и соединили оба языка воедино. Спрашивается, что стоит третий попугай и сколько понадобилось времени, чтобы покорить сии народы?
7) В среду 17-го июня 1881 года в 3 часа ночи должен был выйти со станции A поезд железной дороги, с тем, чтобы в 11 час. вечера прибыть на станцию B; но при самом отправлении поезда получено было приказание, чтобы поезд прибыл на станцию B в 7 часов вечера. Кто продолжительнее любит, мужчина или женщина?
8) Моей теще 75 лет, а жене 42. Который час?
"My mother-in-law is seventy-five years old, my wife is fouty-two. What is the time?" All eight riddles in Chekhov's story are rather Lutwidgean in their funny absurdity. Photography was the hobby of Lewis Carroll (pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, 1832-1898), the author of Alice's Andventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871). Describing the King’s escape from Zembla, Kinbote mentions the King’s repeater that he pressed to find out what is the time, kot or:
A handshake, a flash of lightning. As the King waded into the damp, dark bracken, its odor, its lacy resilience, and the mixture of soft growth and steep ground reminded him of the times he had picnicked hereabouts - in another part of the forest but on the same mountainside, and higher up, as a boy, on the boulderfield where Mr. Campbell had once twisted an ankle and had to be carried down, smoking his pipe, by two husky attendants. Rather dull memories, on the whole. Wasn't there a hunting box nearby - just beyond Silfhar Falls? Good capercaillie and woodcock shooting - a sport much enjoyed by his late mother, Queen Blenda, a tweedy and horsy queen. Now as then, the rain seethed in the black trees, and if you paused you heard your heart thumping, and the distant roar of the torrent. What is the time, kot or? He pressed his repeater and, undismayed, it hissed and tinkled out ten twenty-one. (note to Line 149)
In photography, the term "blenda" (derived from the German word blenden, to blind) most commonly refers to a lens hood. It is a physical attachment placed on the front of a camera lens to block stray, unwanted light from entering, which prevents flares, lens ghosts, and washed-out colors. Queen Blenda made the snapshots of the last moments of King Alfin's life:
King Alfin's absent-mindedness was strangely combined with a passion for mechanical things, especially for flying apparatuses. In 1912, he managed to rise in an umbrella-like Fabre "hydroplane" and almost got drowned in the sea between Nitra and Indra. He smashed two Farmans, three Zemblan machines, and a beloved Santos Dumont Demoiselle. A very special monoplane, Blenda IV, was built for him in 1916 by his constant "aerial adjutant" Colonel Peter Gusev (later a pioneer parachutist and, at seventy, one of the greatest jumpers of all time), and this was his bird of doom. On the serene, and not too cold, December morning that the angels chose to net his mild pure soul, King Alfin was in the act of trying solo a tricky vertical loop that Prince Andrey Kachurin, the famous Russian stunter and War One hero, had shown him in Gatchina. Something went wrong, and the little Blenda was seen to go into an uncontrolled dive. Behind and above him, in a Caudron biplane, Colonel Gusev (by then Duke of Rahl) and the Queen snapped several pictures of what seemed at first a noble and graceful evolution but then turned into something else. At the last moment, King Alfin managed to straighten out his machine and was again master of gravity when, immediately afterwards, he flew smack into the scaffolding of a huge hotel which was being constructed in the middle of a coastal heath as if for the special purpose of standing in a king's way. This uncompleted and badly gutted building was ordered razed by Queen Blenda who had it replaced by a tasteless monument of granite surmounted by an improbable type of aircraft made of bronze. The glossy prints of the enlarged photographs depicting the entire catastrophe were discovered one day by eight-year-old Charles Xavier in the drawer of a secretary bookcase. In some of these ghastly pictures one could make out the shoulders and leathern casque of the strangely unconcerned aviator, and in the penultimate one of the series, just before the white-blurred shattering crash, one distinctly saw him raise one arm in triumph, and reassurance. The boy had hideous dreams after that but his mother never found out that he had seen those infernal records. (note to Line 71)
Queen Blenda brings to mind Die Blendung (1935), a novel by Elias Canetti (a Bukgarian-born Austrian writer, 1905-1994) translated into English as The Tower of Babel (1946) and Auto-da-Fé. The novel explores the descent of an academic into madness, culminating in the destruction of his private library. In his foreword to Shade’s poem Kinbote describes Shade destroying his drafts and mentions the wind-borne black butterflies of that backyard auto-da-fé:
This batch of eighty cards was held by a rubber band which I now religiously put back after examining for the last time their precious contents. Another, much thinner, set of a dozen cards, clipped together and enclosed in the same manila envelope as the main batch, bears some additional couplets running their brief and sometimes smudgy course among a chaos of first drafts. As a rule, Shade destroyed drafts the moment he ceased to need them: well do I recall seeing him from my porch, on a brilliant morning, burning a whole stack of them in the pale fire of the incinerator before which he stood with bent head like an official mourner among the wind-borne black butterflies of that backyard auto-da-fé. But he saved those twelve cards because of the unused felicities shining among the dross of used draftings. Perhaps, he vaguely expected to replace certain passages in the Fair Copy with some of the lovely rejections in his files, or, more probably, a sneaking fondness for this or that vignette, suppressed out of architectonic considerations, or because it had annoyed Mrs. S., urged him to put off its disposal till the time when the marble finality of an immaculate typescript would have confirmed it or made the most delightful variant seem cumbersome and impure. And perhaps, let me add in all modesty, he intended to ask my advice after reading his poem to me as I know he planned to do.
In his foreword to Shade's poem Kinbote mentions his favorite photograph of Shade:
I have one favorite photograph of him. In this color snapshot taken by a onetime friend of mine, on a brilliant spring day, Shade is seen leaning on a sturdy cane that had belonged to his aunt Maud (see line 86). I am wearing a white windbreaker acquired in a local sports shop and a pair of lilac slacks hailing from Cannes. My left hand is half raised--not to pat Shade on the shoulder as seems to be the intention, but to remove my sunglasses which, however, it never reached in that life, the life of the picture; and the library book under my right arm is a treatise on certain Zemblan calisthenics in which I proposed to interest that young roomer of mine who snapped the picture. A week later he was to betray my trust by taking sordid advantage of my absence on a trip to Washington whence I returned to find that he had been entertaining a fiery-haired whore from Exton who had left her combings and reek in all three bathrooms. Naturally, we separated at once, and through a chink in the window curtains I saw bad Bob standing rather pathetically, with his crewcut, and shabby valise, and the skis I had given him, all forlorn on the roadside, waiting for a fellow student to drive him away forever. I can forgive everything save treason.
Kinbote's foreword to Shade's poem is dated Oct. 19, 1959. On this day (the anniversary of Pushkin's Lyceum) Kinbote completes his work on Shade's poem and commits suicide. There is a hope that, after Kinbote's death, Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin's epigrams, "half-milord, half-merchant, etc."), will be full again. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s "real" name that means in Russian hope). According to Kinbote, he writes his commentary, index and foreword (in that order) to Shade's poem in Cedarn, Utana. But it seems that he actually writes them in a madhouse near Quebec - in the same sanatorium where Humbert Humbert (the narrator and main character in VN's novel Lolita, 1955) writes his poem "Wanted" after Lolita's abduction from (or, more likely, death in) the Elphinstone hospital.
*Actually, it was not the poet Walt Whitman, but the writer M. B. Whitman who penned the words "Keep your face always toward the sunshine—and shadows will fall behind you" (they first appeared in print in a 1903 Wichita, Kansas newspaper). When his parents died, Gradus was adopted by another, totally unrelated Gradus:
By an extraordinary coincidence (inherent perhaps in the contrapuntal nature of Shade's art) our poet seems to name here (gradual, gray) a man, whom he was to see for one fatal moment three weeks later, but of whose existence at the time (July 2) he could not have known. Jakob Gradus called himself variously Jack Degree or Jacques de Grey, or James de Gray, and also appears in police records as Ravus, Ravenstone, and d'Argus. Having a morbid affection for the ruddy Russia of the Soviet era, he contended that the real origin of his name should be sought in the Russian word for grape, vinograd, to which a Latin suffix had adhered, making it Vinogradus. His father, Martin Gradus, had been a Protestant minister in Riga, but except for him and a maternal uncle (Roman Tselovalnikov, police officer and part-time member of the Social-Revolutionary party), the whole clan seems to have been in the liquor business. Martin Gradus died in 1920, and his widow moved to Strasbourg where she soon died, too. Another Gradus, an Alsatian merchant, who oddly enough was totally unrelated to our killer but had been a close business friend of his kinsmen for years, adopted the boy and raised him with his own children. It would seem that at one time young Gradus studied pharmacology in Zurich, and at another, traveled to misty vineyards as an itinerant wine taster. We find him next engaging in petty subversive activities - printing peevish pamphlets, acting as messenger for obscure syndicalist groups, organizing strikes at glass factories, and that sort of thing. Sometime in the forties he came to Zembla as a brandy salesman. There he married a publican's daughter. His connection with the Extremist party dates from its first ugly writhings, and when the revolution broke out, his modest organizational gifts found some appreciation in various offices. His departure for Western Europe, with a sordid purpose in his heart and a loaded gun in his pocket, took place on the very day that an innocent poet in an innocent land was beginning Canto Two of Pale Fire. We shall accompany Gradus in constant thought, as he makes his way from distant dim Zembla to green Appalachia, through the entire length of the poem, following the road of its rhythm, riding past in a rhyme, skidding around the corner of a run-on, breathing with the caesura, swinging down to the foot of the page from line to line as from branch to branch, hiding between two words (see note to line 596), reappearing on the horizon of a new canto, steadily marching nearer in iambic motion, crossing streets, moving up with his valise on the escalator of the pentameter, stepping off, boarding a new train of thought, entering the hall of a hotel, putting out the bedlight, while Shade blots out a word, and falling asleep as the poet lays down his pen for the night. (note to Line 17)