Describing the last moments of Shade’s life, Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions the miracle of a few written signs being able to contain immortal imagery, involutions of thought, new worlds with live people, speaking, weeping, laughing:
Well did I know he could never resist a golden drop of this or that, especially since he was severely rationed at home. With an inward leap of exultation I relieved him of the large envelope that hampered his movements as he descended the steps of the porch, sideways, like a hesitating infant. We crossed the lawn, we crossed the road. Clink-clank, came the horseshoe music from Mystery Lodge. In the large envelope I carried I could feel the hard-cornered, rubberbanded batches of index cards. We are absurdly accustomed to the miracle of a few written signs being able to contain immortal imagery, involutions of thought, new worlds with live people, speaking, weeping, laughing. We take it for granted so simply that in a sense, by the very act of brutish routine acceptance, we undo the work of the ages, the history of the gradual elaboration of poetical description and construction, from the treeman to Browning, from the caveman to Keats. What if we awake one day, all of us, and find ourselves utterly unable to read? I wish you to gasp not only at what you read but at the miracle of its being readable (so I used to tell my students). Although I am capable, through long dabbling in blue magic, of imitating any prose in the world (but singularly enough not verse - I am a miserable rhymester), I do not consider myself a true artist, save in one matter: I can do what only a true artist can do - pounce upon the forgotten butterfly of revelation, wean myself abruptly from the habit of things, see the web of the world, and the warp and the weft of that web. Solemnly I weighed in my hand what I was carrying under my left armpit, and for a moment, I found myself enriched with an indescribable amazement as if informed that fireflies were making decodable signals on behalf of stranded spirits, or that a bat was writing a legible tale of torture in the bruised and branded sky.
I was holding all Zembla pressed to my heart. (note to Line 991)
Immortal imagery brings to mind J. L. Borges's story El Inmortal (The Immortal, 1947). An Argentine writer (1899-1986), J. L. Borges is the author of Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius (1940). Orbis Tertius (a 15th-century secret society) makes one think of "Terra the Fair, an orbicle of jasp" (a line in Canto Three of Shade's poem) and Tertiy Filippov (1826-1899), a target of Apollon Maykov's 1878 epigram:
По службе возносяся быстро,
Ты стал товарищем министра,
И дорогое имя Тертия
Уже горит в лучах бессмертия.
Maykov's good-natured epigram ends in the lines "I dorogoe imya Tertiya / Uzhe gorit v luchakh bessmertiya (And the dear name of Tertius / Already shines in the rays of immortality)." The dactylic rhyme (as we call it in Russian) Tertiya - bessmertiya (Tertius - immortality) reminds one of povesa - Zevesa (hellrake - of Zeus), a beautiful rich rhyme in the first stanza of Chapter One of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. In his EO Commentary VN points out that Pushkin borrowed this rhyme from Vasiliy Maykov (a minor poet, 1728-1778, in no way related to Apollon Maykov) who used it in his mock epic Elisey, ili razdrazhyonnyi Vakh ("Elisey, or the Irritated Bachus," 1769). Tertiy Filippov brings to mind Filipp Filippovich Vigel (1786-1856), Pushkin's gay friend, the author of Zapiski ("Memoirs," 1856). In his Epistle to Vigel (Nov. 4, 1823) Pushkin compares Kishinev (a city where in May 1823 Pushkin began Eugene Onegin) to Sodom and, in the poem's last line, asks Vigel to spare his zad (arse). A homosexual, Kinbote prefers lads to lassies.
Shade’s poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik (“The Double”) is a 1846 short novel of Dostoevski and a 1844 poem by Apollon Maykov:
Назвавши гостей, приготовил я яств благовонных,
В сосуды хрустальные налил вина золотого.
Убрал молодыми цветами свой стол, и, заране
Веселый, что скоро здесь клики и смех раздадутся,
Вокруг я ходил, поправляя приборы, плоды и гирлянды.
Но гости не идут никто… Изменила и ты, молодая
Царица стола моего, для которой нарочно
Я лучший венок приготовил из лилий душистых,
Которой бы голос и яркие очи, уста и ланиты
Служили бы солнцем веселости общей, законом
И сладкой уздой откровенному Вакху… Что ж делать?
Печально гляжу я на ясные свечи, ряд длинный приборов…
А где же друзья? Где она?.. Отчего не явилась?..
Быть может…
Ведь женское сердце и женская клятва что ветер…
Эх, сяду за кубок один я… Один ли?.. А он, неотступный,
Зачем он, непрошеный гость, предо мною уселся,
С насмешкой глядит мне в глаза? И напрасно движенья
Досады и ревности скрыть перед ним я стараюсь…
Ох, трудно привыкнуть к нему, хоть давно мы знакомы!
Всё страшно в нем видеть свой образ, но только без сердца,
Без страсти и с вечно холодной логической речью…
Софист неотступный, оставь меня! Что тебе пользы,
Хирург беспощадный, терзать мою душу?..
Shade's murderer, Gradus is Kinbote's double. In fact, the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus seem to represent three different aspects of one and the same person whose "real" name is Botkin. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin, went mad and became Shade, Kinbote and Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s “real” name). Nadezhda means “hope.” There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on Oct. 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin's Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin's epigrams, "half-milord, half-merchant, etc."), will be full again.
In his poem The Double Apollon Maykov mentions otkrovennyi Vakh (the frank Bacchus), the ancient Roman god of wine and fertility who appears as a character in his namesake's mock epic. In Greek mythology, Apollo (the ancient Greek and Roman god of light, music and arts) was the leader of the muses (Musagetes). A few moments before the poet's death, Kinbote asks Shade if the muse has been kind to him:
"Well," I said, "has the muse been kind to you?"
"Very kind," he replied, slightly bowing his hand-propped head: "Exceptionally kind and gentle. In fact, I have here [indicating a huge pregnant envelope near him on the oilcloth] practically the entire product. A few trifles to settle and [suddenly striking the table with his fist] I've swung it, by God."
The envelope, unfastened at one end, bulged with stacked cards.
"Where is the missus?" I asked (mouth dry).
"Help me, Charlie, to get out of here," he pleaded. "Foot gone to sleep. Sybil is at a dinner meeting of her club."
"A suggestion," I said, quivering. "I have at my place half a gallon of Tokay. I'm ready to share my favorite wine with my favorite poet. We shall have for dinner a knackle of walnuts, a couple of large tomatoes, and a bunch of bananas. And if you agree to show me your 'finished product,' there will be another treat: I promise to divulge to you why I gave you, or rather who gave you, your theme."
"What theme?" said Shade absently, as he leaned on my arm and gradually recovered the use of his numb limb.
"Our blue inenubilable Zembla, and the red-caped Steinmann, and the motorboat in the sea cave, and--"
"Ah," said Shade, "I think I guessed your secret quite some time ago. But all the same I shall sample your wine with pleasure. Okay, I can manage by myself now." (note to Line 991)
Muza, boginya Olimpa ("The Muse, a goddess of Olympus," 1841) is a poem in hexameter by Apollon Maykov:
Муза, богиня Олимпа, вручила две звучные флейты
Рощ покровителю Пану и светлому Фебу.
Феб прикоснулся к божественной флейте, и чудный
Звук полился из безжизненной трости. Внимали
Вкруг присмиревшие воды, не смея журчаньем
Песни тревожить, и ветер заснул между листьев
Древних дубов, и заплакали, тронуты звуком,
Травы, цветы и деревья; стыдливые нимфы
Слушали, робко толпясь меж сильванов и фавнов.
Кончил певец и помчался на огненных конях,
В пурпуре алой зари, на златой колеснице.
Бедный лесов покровитель напрасно старался
припомнить
Чудные звуки и их воскресить своей флейтой:
Грустный, он трели выводит, но трели земные!..
Горький безумец! ты думаешь, небо не трудно
Здесь воскресить на земле? Посмотри: улыбаясь,
С взглядом насмешливым слушают нимфы и фавны.
Roshch pokrovitel' Pan (the fosterer of the woods Pan), the ancient Greek god of shepherds and flocks who in Maykov's poem participates in a flute competition with bright Phoebus (Apollo's name as the sun god), brings to mind old Pan mentioned by Shade in Canto Two of his poem:
Another winter was scrape-scooped away.
The Toothwort White haunted our woods in May.
Summer was power-mowed, and autumn, burned.
Alas, the dingy cygnet never turned
Into a wood duck. And again your voice:
"But this is prejudice! You should rejoice
That she is innocent. Why overstress
The physical? She wants to look a mess.
Virgins have written some resplendent books.
Lovemaking is not everything. Good looks
Are not that indispensable!" And still
Old Pan would call from every painted hill. (ll. 315-326)
In Canto Two Shade speaks of his dead daughter. According to Kinbote, Hazel Shade drowned in Lake Omega. Valerian Maykov (a literary critic, Apollon's younger brother, 1823-1847) died of a stroke while bathing in a lake in Peterhof. A suburb of St. Petersburg (and former royal residence), Peterhof is famous for its fountains. In Canto Three of his poem Shade describes his visit to a Mrs. Z. who, like Shade, saw a tall white fountain during her heart attack (but “fountain” in Jim Coates’ article turns out to be a misprint of “mountain”):
I also called on Coates.
He was afraid he had mislaid her notes.
He took his article from a steel file:
"It's accurate. I have not changed her style.
There's one misprint - not that it matters much:
Mountain, not fountain. The majestic touch."
Life Everlasting - based on a misprint!
I mused as I drove homeward: take the hint,
And stop investigating my abyss?
But all at once it dawned on me that this
Was the real point, the contrapuntal theme;
Just this: not text, but texture; not the dream
But a topsy-turvical coincidence,
Not flimsy nonsense, but a web of sense.
Yes! It sufficed that I in life could find
Some kind of link-and-bobolink, some kind
Of correlated pattern in the game,
Plexed artistry, and something of the same
Pleasure in it as they who played it found. (ll. 797-815)